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[PSCI-09] Pharmaceutical Analysis: UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR, Mass Spectrometry, HPLC & Karl Fischer Titration
PSCI-09 • 5. Pharmaceutical AnalysisLearning Objectives
Apply the Beer–Lambert Law (A = ε·b·c) and Woodward–Fieser rules to quantitative UV-Visible spectrophotometry.; Interpret FTIR functional group stretching frequencies, 1H-NMR chemical shifts (δ ppm) and spin–spin coupling (n+1 rule), and Mass Spectrometry fragmentation.; Optimize Reversed-Phase HPLC parameters (Retention factor k', Theoretical plates N, Resolution Rs, Tailing factor Tf) and Karl Fischer moisture titration.
Chapter Overview & Core Explanation
Pharmaceutical analysis is the science of verifying identity, assay potency, impurity profile, and water content of every raw material and finished dosage form using spectroscopy, chromatography, and titrimetry.
Key Exam & Clinical Takeaways
- The strained 4-membered β-lactam carbonyl (C=O) in Penicillins ([8.1] Amoxicillin) and Cephalosporins ([8.15] Ceftriaxone) absorbs at an unusually high IR frequency of 1760–1780 cm⁻¹ due to ring strain suppressing amide resonance.
- In Reversed-Phase HPLC (C18 column), increasing the water percentage in the mobile phase increases retention time (tR) of hydrophobic drugs.